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Brown Citrus Aphid Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy --
Hemiptera: Aphididae |
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This
insect species is a pest of all citrus varieties. The brown citrus aphid infests the stems and new leaves of
citrus trees and in addition to feeding damage, it is an efficient vector of
citrus tristeza virus that causes a
range of symptoms in citrus trees from mild and barely noticeable to severe
stem pitting and quick decline of trees, depending on the severity of the
strain of virus and the susceptibility of the rootstock and scion
combination. When sour orange is used
as a rootstock, trees suffer and then die from quick decline disease about
1-5 years after becoming infected with the virus. The brown citrus aphid originated in China and is now found
throughout Africa, Asia, Australia, India, and South America. In recent years it has progressed through
the Caribbean and Central America, and is found in the Yucatan region of
Mexico. The pest was first reported
in Florida at the end of 1995, where it is now well established. Brown citrus
aphid is not yet found in California. The
aphid damages citrus when heavy populations build up on young shoots,
weakening trees and stunting growth.
If it becomes established in California, it will increase the severity
of virus transmission and disease pathogenicity that are currently found in
California, but are not now effectively transmitted by the less efficient
aphid vector, the cotton aphid (Aphis
gossypii). Severe disease
causing isolates of virus began to appear in Florida about 10 years after
citrus aphid was first detected in that state. In addition to increasing the severity of the disease, the
aphid also increases the rate at which the disease is spread from tree to
tree. This is results from the
aphid's ability to reproduce year round on stems of citrus and its lifecycle
is closely associated with citrus. In
contrast, the cotton aphid can only subsist on new flush of citrus and
migrates to and from other crops such as cotton, pomegranate, melon, and
various weed species.
According to Dr. Mark Hoddle, California produces citrus primarily for
the fresh market and the crop is valued at over US $900 million/year. Oranges, on average, account for
two-thirds of the State's citrus crop, lemons one-quarter, grapefruits 5%,
and tangerines/clementines 5%, although the tangerine market is rapidly
increasing. If the insect becomes
widespread in California, it could accelerate the spread of virus in the
Central Valley, where the present incidence of virus is low (about 0.5
percent) and 80% of California citrus is grown. There is no medication for the virus and the only method of
control is removal of virus-infected trees.
Growers in three of five pest control districts in the Central San
Joaquin Valley provide support for a $1.7 million suppression program in
which the Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency surveys citrus and
removes citrus virus-infected trees.
The arrival of the aphid would increase the severity and rate of
spread of virus. The citrus nursery
industry would need to be placed inside screenhouses to continue to produce
disease free trees, growers would experience increased quick decline in sweet
orange trees on sour orange rootstocks, reduction in the health, fruit size
and production of many varieties of citrus.
Also there would be increased costs for the virus suppression program.
REFERENCES:
FURTHER
RELATED REFERENCES A review of the literature on Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy)
(Homoptera: Aphididae). Florida Entomologist 81 (1): 37-61. Blackman,
R. L. & V. F. Eastop. 2000. Aphids on the
world's crops: an identification and information guide, 2nd ed. Wiley publishing, Chichester, Great
Britain. Chung, K.
R. & R. H. Brlansky. 2008. Citrus diseases
exotic to Florida: Citrus tristeza virus-stem pitting (CTV-SP), Pub. p. 227.
Plant Pathology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service,
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2006. Diagnostic protocol - Toxoptera citricidus. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 36: 451-456. Grafton-Cardwell,
E. 2008. United States IPM pest management guidelines: citrus, Pub.
3441. University of California,
Agriculture and Natural Resources. Halbert, S.
E. & L. Brown.
2001. Featured creatures fact
sheet: Brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Insecta:
Hemiptera: Aphididae). Publication
EENY-7. University of Florida. Komazaki, S. 1987. Growth and
reproduction in the first two and summer generations of two citrus aphids,
Aphis citricola van der Goot and Toxoptera
citricidus (Kirkaldy) (Homoptera: Aphididae), under different
thermal conditions. Applied
Entomology & Zoology 23: 220-227.
Michaud, J. P.
1998. A review
of the literature on Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy)
(Homoptera: Aphididae). Florida Entomol. 81:
37-61. Stoetzel,
M. B. 1990. Some aphids of importance to the
Southeastern United States (Homoptera: Aphididae). Florida Entomol.
73: 580-586. Stoetzel,
M. B. 1994. Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) of potential
importance on Citrus in the United States with illustrated keys to
species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
96: 74-90. Tsai, J. H., R. F. Lee, Y. H. Liu,
& C. L. Niblett. 2009. Biology and Control of Brown Citrus Aphid
(Toxoptera citricida
Kirkaldy) and Citrus Tristeza. In: Radcliffe's IPM World
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S. V. 1998. Anagrus
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Erythroneura
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vineyards and orchards: a taxonomic review.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 124 (2): 77-112. Triapitzin, S. V. & D. Strong.
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parasitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera:
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parasitoids of Homalodisca coagulata
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Introduction of western Asian egg parasitoids into California for
biological control of beet leafhopper, Circulifer
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